Eyelid surgery procedures
Each operation in the terms surgeons use: what it treats, how it is done, the evidence, the risks and the recovery, with a PubMed link on every claim.
Upper eyelid
Upper eyelid surgery removes loose skin, and sometimes a strip of muscle and fat, from the upper lids. It treats hooded, heavy lids and, when the skin blocks the upper field of vision, it can be a covered medical operation. 7,314 papers.
Upper blepharoplasty
Upper blepharoplasty removes excess skin from the upper eyelids, with or without a strip of orbicularis muscle and some fat. It is for adults with…
Hollow upper eyelid and fat grafting
A hollow, or sunken, upper eyelid is loss of soft tissue volume between the eyelid crease and the orbital rim, producing a deep superior sulcus…
Male blepharoplasty
Male blepharoplasty removes or repositions excess upper or lower eyelid tissue in men, using the same core techniques as blepharoplasty in women but…
Blepharoplasty by age
Eyelid surgery is requested across roughly a 70-year age span, from healthy adults in their 30s with familial fat prominence and no skin excess to…
Eyelid and periorbital skin resurfacing
Periorbital skin resurfacing treats wrinkles, crepey texture, and photodamage around the eyes with ablative CO2 laser, erbium:YAG laser, or a…
Lower eyelid and eye bags
Lower eyelid surgery removes or moves the fat that makes bags under the eyes and tightens loose lower lid skin, through an incision inside the lid or below the lashes. 2,509 papers.
Lower blepharoplasty
Lower blepharoplasty treats bags under the eyes by removing or repositioning the orbital fat that bulges below the eye, and by removing excess skin…
Transconjunctival blepharoplasty
Transconjunctival blepharoplasty removes or repositions lower eyelid fat through an incision on the inside of the lid, leaving no visible skin scar.…
Fat repositioning in lower blepharoplasty
Fat repositioning moves lower eyelid fat over the orbital rim instead of removing it, to fill the tear trough and blend the lid-cheek junction. Loeb…
Tear trough and lid-cheek junction surgery
Tear trough surgery smooths the groove between the lower eyelid and the cheek by releasing the ligament that tethers it and filling it with the…
Festoons and malar bags
A festoon is a redundant fold of skin, orbicularis oculi muscle and trapped fluid that hangs from the lower eyelid onto the cheek; malar mounds and…
Under-eye filler versus lower blepharoplasty
Tear trough filler injects hyaluronic acid (HA) gel to fill the groove between the lower lid and cheek; it is a same-day, non-surgical option for…
Droopy eyelids and ptosis
A droopy eyelid is either extra skin that hangs over the lid or a lid that sits too low because its lifting muscle has stretched. Ptosis repair tightens that muscle; eye drops lift a mildly low lid for hours. 3,406 papers.
Droopy eyelids
A droopy eyelid is either excess skin hanging over the lid margin (dermatochalasis) or the lid margin itself sitting too low (ptosis), and the two…
Blepharoptosis repair
Ptosis repair raises an upper eyelid whose margin sits too low, either by reattaching and advancing the levator tendon through a skin incision or by…
Upneeq and nonsurgical ptosis treatment
Oxymetazoline hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.1%, sold as Upneeq, is an eyedrop that raises a drooping upper eyelid for hours at a time by…
Congenital ptosis
Congenital ptosis is a drooping upper eyelid present from birth, most often from a levator muscle that formed with fewer muscle fibers and more…
Double eyelid
Double eyelid surgery makes an upper lid crease with an incision or with buried sutures. Epicanthoplasty opens the inner corner fold. 937 papers.
Double eyelid surgery
Double eyelid surgery creates a supratarsal fold in an upper eyelid that has none, using a buried-suture technique, a partial incision, or a full…
Epicanthoplasty
Epicanthoplasty removes or repositions the epicanthal fold, a skin fold over the inner corner of the eye formed by a connection between the upper and…
Brow lift
A low brow pushes skin down onto the upper lid. A brow lift raises it through small scalp incisions, the temple, the hairline, the lid crease or an incision above the brow, often with upper blepharoplasty. 1,025 papers.
Endoscopic brow lift
An endoscopic brow lift raises low eyebrows through a few short scalp incisions and a camera, without the ear-to-ear coronal incision, and weakens…
Temporal and lateral brow lift
A temporal (lateral) brow lift raises the tail of the eyebrow and the hooded skin at the outer corner of the eye through a short incision in the…
Browpexy and direct brow lift
A browpexy holds up the outer eyebrow with stitches placed through the upper eyelid incision during a blepharoplasty, so the brow does not drop below…
Blepharoplasty with facelift and brow lift
Blepharoplasty is commonly performed together with a brow lift, a facelift, or both, because the brow, the eyelids and the lower face age together…
Eye shape and lid position
The outer corner of the eye, the canthus, sets the shape of the eye and holds the lower lid against the eye. Canthal surgery tightens or reshapes it and corrects lids that turn out, turn in or pull down. 2,633 papers.
Canthoplasty and canthopexy
Canthopexy and canthoplasty anchor the outer corner of the eyelids (the lateral canthus) to the orbital rim so the lower lid stays against the eye…
Fox eye and canthal tilt surgery
Canthal tilt is the angle of the line connecting the inner and outer corners of the eye; raising the outer corner produces the upswept look patients…
Lower eyelid retraction, ectropion and entropion
Lower eyelid retraction is a lid margin that sits too low, exposing sclera below the cornea; ectropion is a lid margin that turns outward; entropion…
Eyelid surgery in thyroid eye disease
Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune orbital disease, usually tied to Graves' hyperthyroidism, that swells the eyelids, retracts them, and pushes the…
Safety, recovery and revision
The papers in this section measure recovery time, how often bleeding, dry eye and lid malposition follow eyelid surgery, how anesthesia choices change comfort and safety, and how surgeons repair a result that went wrong. 1,482 papers.
Blepharoplasty recovery timeline
Recovery from upper or lower blepharoplasty and from ptosis repair follows a predictable early window of swelling and bruising, a bleeding-risk…
Blepharoplasty complications
Blepharoplasty complications range from temporary dry eye to permanent vision loss, and most are minor and resolve on their own. Among 269,433…
Dry eye and blepharoplasty
Dry eye is irritation, burning or blurred vision from an unstable tear film; blepharoplasty and ptosis repair change eyelid closure and blink…
Eyelid surgery anesthesia
Eyelid surgery is done under local anesthesia alone, local anesthesia with oral or intravenous sedation, or general anesthesia, depending on the…
Revision blepharoplasty
Revision blepharoplasty corrects a problem that persists or appears after an earlier eyelid operation, most often lower lid retraction, upper lid…
Medical need and history
When eyelid skin or a low lid blocks vision, Medicare and insurers cover the operation after a visual field test and photographs. This section also traces eyelid surgery from 1818 to the present. 92 papers.
Functional blepharoplasty and visual fields
Functional blepharoplasty and ptosis repair are eyelid operations paid for by insurance when redundant skin or a low eyelid margin measurably blocks…
History of blepharoplasty
The word blepharoplasty comes from a German term, "Blepharoplastik," used in 1818 for eyelid reconstruction; the cosmetic operation for loose or…
History
The word blepharoplasty comes from a German term, "Blepharoplastik," used in 1818 for eyelid reconstruction; the cosmetic operation for loose or fat-laden eyelids grew out of separate lines of work on skin excision, fat surgery and ptosis repair that did not…
Research by topic
Every PubMed paper in the journal, tagged by topic.