Medical need and history
When eyelid skin or a low lid blocks vision, Medicare and insurers cover the operation after a visual field test and photographs. This section also traces eyelid surgery from 1818 to the present.
Medical need and history procedures
Each page covers what the operation treats, how it is done, the evidence, the risks and the recovery, with a PubMed link on every claim.
Functional blepharoplasty and visual fields
Functional blepharoplasty and ptosis repair are eyelid operations paid for by insurance when redundant skin or a low eyelid margin measurably blocks the upper visual field, as distinct from surgery performed only to…
History of blepharoplasty
The word blepharoplasty comes from a German term, "Blepharoplastik," used in 1818 for eyelid reconstruction; the cosmetic operation for loose or fat-laden eyelids grew out of separate lines of work on skin excision, fat…
Medical need and history research by topic
PubMed papers tagged by topic, newest first on each topic page.
History of eyelid surgery
History papers trace eyelid surgery from its 19th-century origins through today's techniques.
Functional blepharoplasty and visual field
Visual field papers measure how much upper eyelid skin or ptosis blocks vision, the test Medicare and insurers use to cover the operation.